最全的TEFL/TESOL相关词汇

academic coordinator
person who maintains and develops academic courses and programs; supports teachers

academic year
the start and end date of the school year; ESL/EFL often has continuous enrolment even throughout the summer

accent
a particular way of pronouncing a language, especially when associated with a given country, region or social class

accredited
has official approval from a reliable body; some TEFL courses/certificates are accredited

acculturation
student (or teacher) adaptation to a new culture; many believe this is necessary in order for learning to occur in a foreign country

acquisition
the act of gaining skills and understanding

active listening
structured listening in which the listener confirms (in own words) what has been understood

active voice
a direct form of expression where the subject acts or performs the verb
e.g. "The cat licked the child's hand." (see "passive voice")

additive model
theory that language proficiency relies on the acquisition of the first and second language

adjective
one of the nine parts of speech that describes or "modifies" a noun or pronoun, for example:

• Mary has black hair.

• He is handsome.

adjective clause

(also called "adjectival or relative clause")
a clause that contains a subject, verb and relative pronoun (or adverb) and acts like an adjective
e.g. "whose blue eyes were watching"

adjunct
(also called "modifier")
a word, clause, or phrase that modifies or qualifies a verb or noun; when removed the sentence is still grammatically correct (see "complement")

advanced
one of the highest levels for English learners

adverb
one of the nine parts of speech that describes or "modifies" a verb, adjective or another adverb, for example:

• They ran quickly.

• She is very rich.

• John works really slowly.

  
  

adverbial clause
a dependent clause that acts as an adverb and indicates such things as time, place, or reason
e.g. "Although we are getting older, we grow more beautiful each day."

affiliation
the sense of being part of a community within the classroom

affix
an addition to the base form or stem of a word that modifies its meaning or creates a new word:

• prefixes occur at the beginning (eg pre- in preheat)

• suffixes occur at the end (eg -ation in exploration)

affricate
a speech sound characterized by a "stop" (no air flow) followed immediately by a "fricative" (slow release of air that creates friction)
e.g. "ch" from "chair"

agreement
(also known as "concord")
logical (in a grammatical sense) links between tense, case, or number
e.g. "subject verb agreement"

alveolar
sound formed by touching the tip of the tongue to the spot where the gum line meets the upper teeth (as in "t" or "d")

antecedent
a word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun (or other substitute) when mentioned subsequently (in the same sentence or later)
e.g. "Emily is nice because she brings me flowers."

antonym
a word that means the opposite of another word, for example: bad/good, up/down. See synonym

appositive
a noun or noun phrase that re-identifies or describes its neighbouring noun, eg "Canada, a multicultural country, is recognized by its maple leaf flag."

approach
the teaching method used

aptitude test
a standardized test that measures a learner's ability to acquire knowledge and skills

article
a determiner used to indicate a noun. The "indefinite articles" are a and an; while the "definite article" is the. For example:

• I brought an apple to eat.

• The apple I brought has gone bad.

  
  

aspiration
pronunciation that involves a release of breath

assessment
evaluation based on a learner's achievements

assimilation
where learners of different backgrounds (or levels) identify themselves as one group

assimilating
type of learning where explanations and concepts are most important

audio lingual
teaching related to listening and speaking

auditory learners
people who learn best by having discussions and listening to lectures

authentic task
task where language is practised in a way that is similar to the real world (role playing)

authentic text or material
texts taken from the real world, not adapted for learning purposes (newspapers)

automaticity
completed (often refers to speaking) unconsciously or without effort

auxiliary verb
(also called "helping verbs")
a verb used with the main verb to help indicate something such as tense or voice
e.g. "have, be, do"

base form
the basic form of a verb before conjugation into tenses
e.g. "be"

beginner
the lowest level of English learner; learner may have had little or no previous exposure to the language

benchmarks
descriptors or reference points for measuring learning

bilabial
consonant sounds formed using both lips

bottom up learning/processing
starts with small or detailed learning (such as grammar) and progresses to large or more important concepts (such as reading a piece of text)

brainstorming
gathering up many thoughts and ideas based on one subject

British/American English
British English and American English are two varieties of the same language, and the (actually comparatively few) differences between them are mostly within the areas of:

• pronunciation (eg labORatory/LABoratory)

• vocabulary (eg lift/elevator)

• spelling (eg practise/practice)

• grammar (eg Have you eaten yet?/Did you eat yet?)

  
  

case
a grammatical category of pronouns and nouns that identifies a relationship to other words in the sentence; the three functions of case (the first two of which do not apply to nouns) are "subjective, objective and possessive" (also known more rarely as "nominative, accusative and genitive"), as in: he / him / his, boy's, boys'

CELTA
Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults

chain schools
language learning schools that have many locations in one country or around the world (under the same business name) e.g. GEOS, Berlitz, ECC

chants
repetitive lines of rhythmic text that learners say out loud in a group; language learning technique related to using music in the classroom

choral reading
group reading aloud where the pace is set by the teacher

chunk
words that are often understood or learned together as in fixed phrases; "chunking" means to organize learning into manageable amounts

circulating
moving around a room to observe and assist learners

classroom climate
the physical and emotional atmosphere or feeling in a classroom

classroom language
words and expressions used by the teacher (and that need to be understood by the students) to run lessons, such as: open your books, please turn to page 9, work with a partner. Classroom language varies according to class needs, but is usually based around areas like supplies (desk, paper, pencil); rules (don’t, should, must, can); people (student, teacher, classmates); classroom (whiteboard, computer, poster); requests (forming questions, bathroom, health); politeness: (please, thank you). Sometimes classed as a form of metalanguage.

clause
a grammatical unit just below sentence in rank and containing a subject and predicate. If the clause expresses a complete thought it may itself form a sentence, as in the first example below:

• people need water (People need water.)

• since she works at home

• who lives next door

• when the postman knocks

• because she married him

cliché
an expression that has been overused and is thus considered weak in writing

cloze test
a text from which words have been removed at regular intervals (eg every fifth or sixth word) and replaced with blank spaces which students have to fill in. Compare gap-fill exercise where the removal of words is not so random.

cognate
a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word, for example:

• father (English)

• vater (German)

• pater (Latin)

  
  

cognate (adjective)

Of a word that shares its linguistic derivation with (ie, is related to) another: The English word "father" is cognate with the German "vater".

collocation
either the tendency for certain words to appear together or an instance of it, for example:

• bad temper, flat battery, place an order, watch your weight

  
  

colloquial
(of language, words, expressions) used in everyday conversation but not appropriate for formal speech or writing. ("Don't use colloquial language in your essays.")

communicative approach
an approach to language teaching in which the learner's main goal is to be able to communicate in the real world, and the teacher's role is as a facilitator

comparative (adjective)
words used to compare two things (not three or more)

complement
part of a sentence that is required to complete or provide meaning to a sentence

compound noun
a noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, hyphenated, or separated by a space
e.g. "toothbrush," "Christmas Day", "mother-in-law"

compound sentence
a sentence with at least two independent clauses; usually joined by a conjunction
e.g. "You can have something healthy, but you can't have more junk."

comprehensible input
theory that language learners only acquire a language if they basically understand what the teacher is saying or presenting

comprehensible output
theory that language learning occurs when people attempt and fail to communicate and are forced to try again

comprehension
achieving full understanding; "written comprehension" refers to an understanding of what has been read

computer assisted language learning (CALL) (also called "e-learning")
using the computer for learning

computer-based test (CBT)
an alternative to paper-based testing; test that is administered and taken on the computer

conditional
structure in English where one action depends on another ("if-then" structure); most common are first, second and third conditional

conjunction
one of the nine parts of speech that joins words and clauses, for example:

• bread and butter

• I like dogs but I don't like cats.

describes or "modifies" words that join or connect parts of a sentence
e.g. "and, but, or"

consonant cluster
a group of consonants without a vowel that form more than one sound
e.g. "spl"

content words
words that have meaning such as nouns (opposite of "function words" such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs)

(in) context
parts of a piece of text (such as paragraphs) that precede and follow a certain detail

contraction
the shortening of two words into one
e.g. "is not=isn't"

convergence
tendency to change the sound of your own voice to make it similar to someone you are talking to

cooperative learning
a teaching method in which learners are placed into small groups of different levels and given a task

coping strategies
efforts learners make to reduce stress while learning

coursebook
the main text book that learners use for a specific class

critical period
a hypothesis that suggests there is a certain time in a learner's life (before age 12) when language acquisition can fully occur; the theory suggests that after this period the learning capacity is weakened and native-like pronunciation is unlikely

curriculum
description of courses and/or content in a program

dangling modifier
an illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify one word but the reader attaches it to another word
e.g. "Running to the bus, the flowers were blooming." (In the example sentence it seems the flowers were running.)

declarative sentence
a statement (as opposed to a question or command)

deductive approach
a traditional method of teaching grammar in which the rules are dictated to the learner first (see "inductive approach")

deep learning
where the learner analyses new information and ideas and links these to previous knowledge with the goal of long term retention and understanding (see "surface learning")

demo lesson
part of the interview process in which the applicant teaches a real class (usually a mini-lesson) in front of an interviewer or panel

demonstrative pronoun
a pronoun that represents a thing or things near in distance or time (this, these) or far in distance or time (that, those), as in Who's are these?

dependent clause
(also called "subordinate clause")
part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete thought and cannot stand on its own
e.g. "When the water came out of the tap..."

descriptive grammar
a set of rules about language that attempt to describe how it is actually used. Compare with prescriptive grammar, which is a set of rules about language that attempt to prescribe how it should be used.

determiner
one of the nine parts of speech that limits or "determines" a noun, such as: a/an, the, three, some, many. For example:

• I have two dogs and some rabbits.

• He booked these first three seats.

  
  

dictation practice
where learners attempt to reproduce what they hear in the form of text (graded dictations)

diphthong
a combination of two vowel sounds within the same syllable, with the first gliding into the second. For example, the word car is usually pronounced as a monophthong (one vowel sound only) but the word boy is usually pronounced as a diphthong with the first vowel sound gliding into the second.

direct method
teaching method in which only the target language is used (learners are not permitted to use their native language)

direct object see object

discourse
the language system concerned with the way language works beyond the sentence level, including features such as coherence, linking, body language, conventions and turn-taking; any connected piece of speech or writing, which may mean a two-sentence dialogue or an entire essay

diversity
the differences between students in a classroom (culture, level, gender)

drill
repetitive practice with the aim of perfecting a specific skill

EAP
English for Academic Purposes; preparation for learners who are entering English secondary and post secondary schools

EFL vs. ESL
often used interchangeably; English as a Second Language refers to teaching in countries such as the USA where English is the native language; English as a Foreign Language refers to teaching in countries such as Thailand where English is not the native language

electronic dictionary
a hand held dictionary that translates a word from the learner's native language to the target language

eliciting
a teaching technique for drawing out information from learners rather than simply providing all the information

embedded questions
questions that occur within another statement or question and generally follow statement structure
e.g. "I don't know where he went." OR "Can you tell me where it is?"

EMT
English Mother Tongue

error analysis
a study that looks at the patterns of errors of language learners

error recognition
a type of question in which the learner has to spot the language mistake

ESOL
English for Speakers of other Languages

ESP
English for Specific Purposes
e.g. law, medicine, business

ETS
Educational Testing Service; a nonprofit organization that creates and administers standardized assessment tests such as TOEIC and TOEFL

euphemism
mild or pleasant language used instead of language that is harsh or unpleasant, for example:

• pass away instead of die

• let someone go instead of dismiss

• underprivileged instead of poo

  
  

experiential learning
learning based on actual experience

external examiner
ensures that standards are consistent at higher education level (UK)

facilitator
a person who assists or supports a learning group that is attempting to perform a task; remains neutral

false friend
a word that looks similar to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning, for example:

• embarrassed (English)

• embarazada - meaning "pregnant" (Spanish)

• actually (English)

• actuellement - meaning "at the moment" (French)

  
  

fillers
learning activities and games similar to "warm ups" that fill time when a lesson ends before a class finishes or during a transition period

first conditional
the if-structure used for future events that could well happen, as in If it's sunny, we will go to the beach.

flap
a quick flick of the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or alveolar ridge
e.g. the "t" in "daughter"

fluency
the ability to express oneself without effort

form focused task
a teaching method where learners are introduced to one learning item at a time with hopes that mastering each skill will eventually lead to learning a language

formal language
a style of language (often written, sometimes spoken) that reflects the seriousness of the occasion or topic, as in official documents, business letters or traditional speeches. Careful use of vocabulary and grammar is a hallmark of formal language, while a more relaxed approach may be taken in everyday or informal language.

formulaic speech
the use of words or phrases that a learner uses without really understanding the meaning

forums
online discussion boards where learners and teachers can connect

fossilization
the theory that certain grammatical errors are learned over time (such as the incorrect use of a certain tense) and become a permanent part of a learner's second language (contributing to "interlanguage")

fragment
a phrase that is incorrectly punctuated as a sentence but does not contain a complete thought

free practice
time set aside for learners to practise a skill with little direction from the teacher

functional language
typical expressions used for specific purposes such as making suggestions, giving directions, asking permission

gap-fill exercise
a text where some of the words have been replaced with blank spaces which students have to fill in. The missing words have usually been chosen for a particular reason, for example they are a specific part of speech such as verbs or nouns that the teacher wishes to test. Compare cloze test in which the removal of words is more random.

gerund
a verb form ending in -ing that works like a noun, as in Do you mind my asking you?(In ELT, -ing form is increasingly preferred over gerund.)

gist
the main point or central meaning of a piece of text (or audio segment)

glottal stop
a speech sound made by momentarily closing the back of the throat (glottis) and then releasing the air
e.g. "Uh-oh"

graded reader
a text that has been adapted for language learners and targets a specific level of reader

grading rubric
a summary of criteria for assessment; includes various levels of achievement for each task or skill

grammar
the language system concerned with the way language is structured (mostly at the sentence level) to make meaning, including matters such as parts of speech, verb tenses, word agreement, clauses, and sentence formation

Grammar Translation (formerly called the "Classical Method")
a traditional language teaching method that requires learners to memorize grammar rules and vocabulary and translate large amounts of text into English; still one of the widely used teaching methods

guided practice
section in a lesson that gives learners the chance to use what they have been taught